The informants have different regional accent. Some of them used also several regional words. All the differences (compared to the standard Italian) have been tagged by +x. In the table below you can see which Italian regions (11 out of 20) are represented in the corpus.
Table 1 shows place of origin for native speakers or place of residence:
Region | Native speakers | Non-native speakers |
Veneto | 1n, 22n-ret | 26it, 27it |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 21n-ret, FG | 24it, 28it |
Trentino – Alto Adige | 30it | |
Piedmont | 2 ac informants | |
Lombardy | 5n, 10n, 2 ac informants, SC | 25it, 31it |
Emilia- Romagna | 2 ac informants | |
Lazio | 4n, 7n, 8n, 9n, 1 ac informant | 32it |
Marche | 1 ac informant | 23it |
Campania | 6n, 20n-ret | |
Puglia | 1 ac informant | |
Calabria | 2n |
At the same time the majority of our informants gave a negative answer to the question “Do you speak an Italian dialect?”. Only seven informants answered “yes” (5n (a little),15n-ac,17n-ac, 20n-ret, 21n-ret, 28it, 31it), and two informants (23it, 25it) answered “No, but I understand”.
Two informants (20n-ret, 21n-ret) mentioned a dialect as their native language together with Italian.
Languages in contact
When starting the recordings I expected to find many cases of code-mixing, because all of our Italian informants speak also Norwegian and were discussing their life in Norway. I thought that, describing Norwegian reality and Norwegian culture, for which they did not have Italian words, they will use appropriate Norwegian words. Surprisingly, the informants tried to avoid code-mixing and used very few foreign words. Still it is interesting to analyze which words have been used and how they can characterize Norwegian culture. These words have been tagged by +x.
The group of informants in Italy has also used very few foreign words. But in their case it can be interesting to observe the relation between their native language and the way they speak in Italian.
Table 2 shows the native languages of the informants in group 4:
Native language | Informants |
Spanish | 23it, 25it, 30it, 31it |
Serbo-Croatian* | 26it, 28it |
Chinese | 29it |
Arab, Berber | 24it |
Ewe, French | 27it |
Norwegian | 32it |
* We use the definitions that the informants gave to us answering (in a written form) to the question “What is your native language?”
Guidelines for the transcription